The figures are contained in a country-by-country report released by the European Commission on the occasion of the two-year anniversary of REPowerEU, which was set up for the EU to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels from Russia.

By their very nature, renewables such as wind or solar are irregular solutions because they depend on variable climatic conditions – there are some projects that seek to give greater stability to these technologies, such as solar panels that work at night, but the broader answer is energy storage.

Against a backdrop of energy crisis and geopolitical tensions, the new rules will help make the transition to renewable and low-carbon gases, in particular hydrogen.